Презентация на тему stonehenge английском языке. Презентация - История возникновения Стоунхенджа - Stonehenge (на английском языке)


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Stonehenge. Презентация к уроку 1 «On Salisbury Plain.» Unit 12. к учебнику К. Кауфман, М. Кауфман «Happy English.ru» для 6-го класса.Выполнила Модина Любовь Васильевна, учитель английского языка БОУ г.Омска «СОШ №124» 2013 год
learn the new words:cemetery-кладбищеderive-получатьdesignate-обозначатьсapability-возможностьawe-inspiring-впечатляющийсentury-век, столетие
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ppt_yppt_yppt_y Stonehenge, prehistoric stone circle monument, cemetery, and archaeological site located on Salisbury Plain, about 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. It was built in six stages between 3000 and 1520 BC.
As a prehistoric stone circle, it is unique because of its artificially shaped sarsen stones. The name of the monument probably derives from the Saxon stan-hengen, meaning “stone hanging” or “gallows”.
Stonehenge was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1986. English antiquarian John Aubrey in the 17th century and his compatriot archaeologist William Stukeley in the 18th century both believed the structure to be a Druid temple.
In 1963 American astronomer Gerald Hawkins proposed that Stonehenge had been constructed as a “computer” to predict lunar and solar eclipses; other scientists also attributed astronomical capabilities to the monument.
In 2008 British archaeologists Tim Darvill and Geoffrey Wainwright suggested that Stonehenge was used in prehistory as a place of healing. However, analysis of human remains from around and within the monument shows no difference from other parts of Britain in terms of the population’s health.
The Stonehenge that is visible today is incomplete, many of its original sarsens and bluestones having been broken up and taken away, probably during Britain’s Roman and medieval periods.
Stonehenge was built within an area that was already special to Mesolithic and Neolithic people. About 8000–7000 BC, early Mesolithic hunter-gatherers dug pits and erected pine posts within 650 feet (200 metres) of Stonehenge’s future location.
Stonehenge is the world’s most famous stone circle, visited by more than a million people per year. It stands as an icon for all that is mysterious and awe-inspiring about humanity’s prehistoric past.
For well over a century, people have gathered at the monument to celebrate the summer solstice. Modern-day Druidic societies have claimed Stonehenge as their own temple, even though the identification of Stonehenge with the original Druids is suspect.
Say: True or False.Stonehenge is located on Salisbury Plain, about 8 miles north of Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. It was built between 4000-1560 BC.The name of the monument probably derives from the English stan-hengen, meaning “stone hanging” . Some scientists believed the structure to be a Druid temple. Stonehenge is the world’s most famous stone circle, visited by more than a billion people per year.
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style.rotation Answer the questions.1. What is Stonehenge?2. What did American astronomer Gerald Hawkins propose?3. What did British archaeologists Tim Darvill and Geoffrey Wainwright suggest in 2008?4.What does the analysis show?5. Why have people gathered at the monument for well over a century?6. How many people visit Stonehenge every year?
Используемые ресурсы:Encyclopedia Britannica:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567331/StonehengeКартинки:http://img15.nnm.ru/5/c/b/2/6/9f77aa88263d9434a009e069e94_prev.jpghttp://zev.lacounty.gov/wp-content/uploads/druids_stonehenge.jpghttp://www.knowth.eu/wallpaper/stonehenge-equinox-800.jpg


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В южной Англии на Солсберийской равнине находятся остатки древнего каменного храма. Камни образуют композицию из вертикально установленных менгиров, образующих круг диаметром 29,6 метра. Этот круг камней сверху соединен горизонтально лежащими плоскими камнями. Это древнее сооружение расположенное в Англии, Сейчас археологи сошлись во мнении, что этот архитектурный памятник возведен в три этапа между 3500 и 1100 гг. до н.э. Это древнее сооружение расположенное в Англии, Сейчас археологи сошлись во мнении, что этот архитектурный памятник возведен в три этапа между 3500 и 1100 гг. до н.э.






Этапы постройки Стоунхенджа. Вначале (гг. до н.э.) был сделан кольцевой ров с двумя насыпными валами, незамкнутые с северо-востока. Перед входом в кольцо выкопаны четыре лунки, назначение которых неизвестно. На перемычке концов внутренней насыпи сделаны еще две лунки. Пяточный камень - первый камень Стоунхенджа - вкопан в 30 метрах от кольца к юго-востоку от оси входа. Внутри кольца были выкопаны 56 лунок, образующих замкнутый круг. Вначале (гг. до н.э.) был сделан кольцевой ров с двумя насыпными валами, незамкнутые с северо-востока. Перед входом в кольцо выкопаны четыре лунки, назначение которых неизвестно. На перемычке концов внутренней насыпи сделаны еще две лунки. Пяточный камень - первый камень Стоунхенджа - вкопан в 30 метрах от кольца к юго-востоку от оси входа. Внутри кольца были выкопаны 56 лунок, образующих замкнутый круг.


Второй этап начался в 2200 г. до н.э. Были установлены первые мегалиты - 82 «голубых камня» (присутствующие во многих культовых центрах по всей Земле) - тесаные камни из долерита весом до 5 тонн каждый. Их расположили двумя кругами на расстоянии 1, 8 друг от друга и в 10, 5 м от центра. Западная часть колец не была достроена.


Заключительный этап начался около 2100 г до н.э. Возле центра сооружена «подкова» из пяти «трилитов» (групп из двух вертикальных и горизонтального камней установленных в виде буквы «П"). Трилиты окружены кольцом из 30 вертикально стоящих камней, покрытых горизонтальными. Ось «подковы» совпадает с главной ось комплекса. Трилиты имеют высоту 6, 6, 5 и 7, 2 м.


Вид сверху. Стоунхендж, Великобритания – 2100 г. До н.э.


В конце 3 тысячелетия до нашей эры Стоунхендж подвергся новой самой масштабной перестройке, благодаря которой он стал так популярен в наши дни. С холмов южной Англии (удаленных на 40 км) сюда привезли 30 огромных каменных блоков, каждый из которых весил по 25 тонн. Их расставили в центре Стоунхенджа по кругу диаметром 30 метров




В самом сердце Стоунхенджа поставили шеститонный монолит из зеленого слюдяного песчаника так называемый «Алтарь». Кроме того, северо- восточный вход был перенесен чуть в сторону и расширен так, чтобы он смотрел точно на восход солнца в день летнего солнцестояния.










Стоунхендж постепенно разрушается. За время наблюдений за памятником успело упасть три плиты. Сейчас туристов уже не допускают в каменный «круг». Стоунхендж постепенно разрушается. За время наблюдений за памятником успело упасть три плиты. Сейчас туристов уже не допускают в каменный «круг».


Русский Стоунхендж. Гора Воттоваара. В начале 90-х годов на северо-западном побережье Онежского озера было открыто святилище времен неолита, названное Пегремой, в составе которого находились зооморфные идолы, диски из песчаника и пр., что свидетельствовало о развитости религиозно- магического культа и глубоких навыках в обработке камня у наших далеких предков. В начале 90-х годов на северо-западном побережье Онежского озера было открыто святилище времен неолита, названное Пегремой, в составе которого находились зооморфные идолы, диски из песчаника и пр., что свидетельствовало о развитости религиозно- магического культа и глубоких навыках в обработке камня у наших далеких предков. В 1993 году был открыт ныне широко известный, но до сих пор недостаточно изученный, древний языческий комплекс на горе Воттоваара, что в Муезерском районе. В 1993 году был открыт ныне широко известный, но до сих пор недостаточно изученный, древний языческий комплекс на горе Воттоваара, что в Муезерском районе.




На вершине Воттоваары, на площади примерно в 6 км, находятся огромные камни прямоугольной формы, удивительные сооружения из камней в виде правильного круга, названные археологами кромлехами, и около 1600 камней-сейдов, уложенных в некоем таинственном порядке.
Сейд – по понятиям аборигенов Карелии саами - это природный объект, в котором живёт почитаемый дух. Сейды бывают как естественного происхождения (деревья, скалы, животные, всевозможные явления природы) так и рукотворные. Как правило, рукотворный сейд представляет собой крупный валун, поставленный на несколько более мелких камней или в какое-нибудь неустойчивое положение.
Есть версия, что возраст комплекса около 2000 лет, а идея его сооружения принадлежит северным племенам гипербореев жителям древней северной страны Гипербореи. По саамским же поверьям, это место является средоточием злых сил: здесь растут уродливые деревья, почти отсутствует фауна, озера мертвы.



Characteristics It is located in
Wiltshire, England.
It is a monument built
in the Neolithic and
Bronze Age.
Stonehenge is a large
circle of
standing stones.

How was it built?

FIRST STAGE

The first Stonehenge was a large
earthwork probably built around 3100 BC.
They formed a circle. Archaeologists found
cremated human bones, but they were
probably from part of a religious
ceremony.
After that, the monument didn’t change
until 1000 years later.

SECOND STAGE

It started around 2150 BC. About 82
bluestones from the Preseli mountains in
south-west Wales were brought to the site.
This journey was nearly 240 miles.
Once there, the stones were set up in the
centre to make an incomplete double
circle.

THIRD STAGE

It started in 2000 BC. The Sarsen stones
that they used were probably brought from
the Marlborough Downs area near
Avebury, about 25 miles north of
Stonehenge.
These were placed in an outer circle.
Inside the circle, there were also five
trilithons, that still remain today.

FINAL STAGE

After 1500 BC the bluestones were moved
into the horseshoe and circle that we see
today.
Most of the bluestones have been
removed or broken.

Possible theories about Stonehenge

Stonehenge was an astronomical
observatory
They could predict eclipses, lunar phases and
seasons. Nevertheless, it was possible that it
was not the original function because it took
more than 1000 years to finish it.
Stonehenge was a cemetery
Scientists found human bones buried there.

Diapositiva 9

Stonehenge was a religious temple
People went there because the Druids
could give them magic power and cure
their illnesses.

Incredible theories

Stonehenge was
built by Apollo’s
followers who
lived in the north
of Europe and
were
documented in
Greek mythology.
Stonehenge
was a place
where UFOs
landed.

Diapositiva 11

Stonehenge was
created in the first
years of the XX
century to attract
tourists.
Stonehenge was
built by the wizard
Merlin. He made it
himself by raising
the stones with his
magical power.

Vocabulary:

Bluestone -piedras del Stonehenge
traídas de fuera
Bronze age -edad de bronce
(to) cremate -incinerar, cremar
Druid -Druida
Horseshoe -herradura
Neolithic -neolítico
Sarsen stone -piedra arenisca
Standing stone -megalito vertical
Trilithon -estructura de dos piedras
verticales (columnas) y una horizontal
apoyada en la verticales.
UFO -OVNI (objeto volador no identificado)
Wizard Merlin -El mago Merlín

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Location of Stonehenge Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire about 3.2 kilometres west of Amesbury and 13 kilometres north of Salisbury.

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Plan of Stonehenge 1 = The Altar Stone, a six ton monolith of green micaceous sandstone from Wales 2 = barrow without a burial 3 = "barrows" (without burials) 4 = the fallen Slaughter Stone, 4.9 metres long 5 = the Heel Stone 6 = two of originally four Station Stones 7 = ditch 8 = inner bank 9 = outer bank 10 = The Avenue, a parallel pair of ditches and banks leading 3 km to the River Avon 11 = ring of 30 pits called the Y Holes 12 = ring of 29 pits called the Z Holes 13 = circle of 56 pits, known as the Aubrey holes 14 = smaller southern entrance

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Astronomy and Stonehenge The prehistoric monument of Stonehenge has long been studied for its possible connections with ancient astronomy. Archaeoastronomers have claimed that Stonehenge represents an "ancient observatory," although the extent of its use for that purpose is in dispute. Many also believe that the site may have had astrological/spiritual significance attached to it as well. The discovery of evidence for a neighbour to the Heel Stone has challenged the interpretation of it as a midsummer sunrise marker. The second stone may have instead been one side of a "solar corridor" used to frame the sunrise.

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Druids Temple The theory that the Druids were responsible may be the most popular one; however, the Celtic society that spawned the Druid priesthood came into being only after the year 300 BC. Additionally, the Druids are unlikely to have used the site for sacrifices, since they performed the majority of their rituals in the woods or mountains, areas better suited for "earth rituals" than an open field.

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Stonehenge as a graveyard There is a theory that Stonehenge was used for burials. Indeed, burials were found on the monuments territory, but they were made much later after Stonehenge had been built. According to news reports, a professor of archeology from the University of Sheffield, Mike Parker Pearson, who manages the Stonehenge Riverside Archaeological Project noted that in his opinion Stonehenge from the very beginning of its existence and to flourish in the third millennium BC was considered by inhabitants of England as an area for the burial of the dead.

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Legends Many early historians were influenced by supernatural folktales in their explanations. Some legends held that Merlin had a giant build the structure for him or that he had magically transported it from Mount Killarausin Ireland, while others held the Devil responsible. Henry of Huntingdon was the first to write of the monument around 1130 soon followed by Geoffrey of Monmouth who was the first to record fanciful associations with Merlin which led the monument to be incorporated into the wider cycle of European medieval romance. According to Geoffrey"s Historia Regum Britanniae, using his magic Merlin took the circle from its original place in Ireland at the behest of Aurelius Ambrosius to serve as an appropriate burial place for Britain"s dead princes.

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Conclusion It’s difficult to judge which of the theories is correct, but from what I have read I can do the conclusion that Stonehenge is the most mysterious symbol of Britain, which went through the whole history with this country and gives it special charm of mystery and unexploredness .

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Location of Stonehenge Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire about 3.2 kilometres west of Amesbury and 13 kilometres north of Salisbury.

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Plan of Stonehenge 1 = The Altar Stone, a six ton monolith of green micaceous sandstone from Wales 2 = barrow without a burial 3 = "barrows" (without burials) 4 = the fallen Slaughter Stone, 4.9 metres long 5 = the Heel Stone 6 = two of originally four Station Stones 7 = ditch 8 = inner bank 9 = outer bank 10 = The Avenue, a parallel pair of ditches and banks leading 3 km to the River Avon 11 = ring of 30 pits called the Y Holes 12 = ring of 29 pits called the Z Holes 13 = circle of 56 pits, known as the Aubrey holes 14 = smaller southern entrance

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Astronomy and Stonehenge The prehistoric monument of Stonehenge has long been studied for its possible connections with ancient astronomy. Archaeoastronomers have claimed that Stonehenge represents an "ancient observatory," although the extent of its use for that purpose is in dispute. Many also believe that the site may have had astrological/spiritual significance attached to it as well. The discovery of evidence for a neighbour to the Heel Stone has challenged the interpretation of it as a midsummer sunrise marker. The second stone may have instead been one side of a "solar corridor" used to frame the sunrise.

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Druids Temple The theory that the Druids were responsible may be the most popular one; however, the Celtic society that spawned the Druid priesthood came into being only after the year 300 BC. Additionally, the Druids are unlikely to have used the site for sacrifices, since they performed the majority of their rituals in the woods or mountains, areas better suited for "earth rituals" than an open field.

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Stonehenge as a graveyard There is a theory that Stonehenge was used for burials. Indeed, burials were found on the monuments territory, but they were made much later after Stonehenge had been built. According to news reports, a professor of archeology from the University of Sheffield, Mike Parker Pearson, who manages the Stonehenge Riverside Archaeological Project noted that in his opinion Stonehenge from the very beginning of its existence and to flourish in the third millennium BC was considered by inhabitants of England as an area for the burial of the dead.

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Legends Many early historians were influenced by supernatural folktales in their explanations. Some legends held that Merlin had a giant build the structure for him or that he had magically transported it from Mount Killarausin Ireland, while others held the Devil responsible. Henry of Huntingdon was the first to write of the monument around 1130 soon followed by Geoffrey of Monmouth who was the first to record fanciful associations with Merlin which led the monument to be incorporated into the wider cycle of European medieval romance. According to Geoffrey"s Historia Regum Britanniae, using his magic Merlin took the circle from its original place in Ireland at the behest of Aurelius Ambrosius to serve as an appropriate burial place for Britain"s dead princes.

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Conclusion It’s difficult to judge which of the theories is correct, but from what I have read I can do the conclusion that Stonehenge is the most mysterious symbol of Britain, which went through the whole history with this country and gives it special charm of mystery and unexploredness .